PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

Recall one important viewpoint of logarithms:   a logarithm is an exponent.

In particular, what is the number $\,\log_b x\,$?
Answer:   It is the power that $\,b\,$ must be raised to, in order to get $\,x\,$.

It follows that $\,\log_b x=y\,$ is equivalent to $\,b^y=x\,$.

The number $\,b\,$ in the expression $\,\log_b x\,$ is called the base of the logarithm.
We need to pause and determine the allowable bases for logarithms.
Then, we will study several important properties that logarithms exhibit.

Allowable Bases for Logarithms

Since $\,1\,$ raised to any power is $\,1\,$,
and since $\,0\,$ raised to any positive power is $\,0\,$,
we certainly don't want to allow the base to be $\,1\,$ or $\,0\,$.

For example, consider these dilemmas:
What is ‘$\,\log_1 5\,$’?   There isn't any power that $\,1\,$ can be raised to, to give $\,5\,$.
Or, what is ‘$\,\log_1 1\,$’?   The number $\,1\,$, raised to any power, is $\,1\,$. So, which number would we ‘choose’ as our answer?

Negative bases present similar difficulties.
We want $\,\log_b x = y\,$ to be equivalent to $\,b^y = x\,$.
But, consider an expression like $\,(-2)^y \,$ (where the base is $\,-2\,$).
Since you can't take even roots of negative numbers, we run into lots of problems.

For example, $\,(-2)^1=-2\,$, no problem.
However, $\,(-2)^{1.01}=(-2)^{101/100} = \root{100}\of{(-2)^{101}}\,$ isn't even defined, since it involves an even root of a negative number.

For these reasons, we only allow positive bases for logarithms, and we exclude the number $\,1\,$.

For this reason, logarithms cannot act on negative numbers.
For example, what would ‘$\,\log_2 (-3)\,$’ be?
There is no power that $\,2\,$ can be raised to, in order to get a negative answer.

We are now ready to make things precise:

Allowable Bases for Logarithms;
Allowable Inputs for Logarithms
Let $\,b\gt 0\,$, $\,b\ne 1\,$, and $\,x\gt 0\,$.

Then, $\,\log_b x\,$ is defined, and $$\log_b x = y \ \ \text{is equivalent to}\ \ b^y = x\ ,$$ for all real numbers $\,y\,$.

The equation ‘$\,\log_b x = y\,$’ is called the logarithmic form of the equation.

The equation ‘$\,b^y = x\,$’ is called the exponential form of the equation.

In particular, the only allowable bases for logarithms are positive numbers, not equal to $\,1\,$.
Also, the only allowable inputs to logarithms are positive numbers.
Three Important Properties of Logarithms

Logarithms have some beautiful simplifying properties, which make them extremely valuable.

They can take a multiplication problem, and turn it into an addition problem (which is much simpler)!
They can take a division problem, and turn it into a subtraction problem (which is much simpler)!
They can take an exponentiation problem, and turn it into a multiplication problem (which is much simpler)!

Precisely, we have:

Laws of Logarithms

Let $\,b\gt 0\,$, $\,b\ne 1\,$, $\,x\gt 0\,$, and $\,y\gt 0\,$.

$\log_b\,xy = \log_b x + \log_b y$
The log of a product is the sum of the logs.

$\displaystyle \log_b\frac{x}{y} = \log_b x - \log_b y$
The log of a quotient is the difference of the logs.

For this final property, $\,y\,$ can be any real number:
$\log_b\,x^y = y\,\log_b x$
You can bring exponents down.

The last descriptive phrase, you can bring exponents down, is of course a bit loose.
It could be more correctly described as the log of a number raised to a power, is the power, times the log of the number.
However, this is a bit long, and the shorter phrase seems to work well for students.

Here is a proof of the first property. The remaining two proofs are similar.

Proof that $\,\log_b\,xy = \log_b x + \log_b y$

Let $\ \log_b x = u\$ and $\ \log_b y = v\,$.
Then, $\ b^u = x\$ and $\ b^v = y\$.
Renaming, we have:

 $\log_b\,xy$ $=$ $\,\log_b\,b^u\,b^v$ (substitution) $=$ $\log_b\,b^{u+v}$ (law of exponents) $=$ $\,u+v\,$ (definition of logarithm) $=$ $\log_b x + \log_b y$ (substitution)

Master the ideas from this section